A Review on Nanotechnology in Soil Science: Recent Advances in Soil Remediation, Fertilization and Carbon Sequestration
Anita Nabam *
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh – 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Tirumala Aravinda
Government Degree College for Women (A), Nalgonda, Telangana, 508001, India.
Rajan Ghanghas
College of Agriculture (Bawal), Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125001, India.
Kusu Menjo
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh – 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Rashmi Mohapatra
Centre for Indigenous Knowledge on Herbal Medicines and Therapeutics, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha - 751024. India.
Prince Sharma
College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125001, India.
Varun Tripathi
Department of Agriculture Sciences, Shree Venkateswara University, India.
Ajay Kumar Yadav
Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur -303329, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach for improving soil health and agricultural productivity through its applications in soil remediation, fertilization, and carbon sequestration. In soil science, nanotechnology involves the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, nano clays, and carbon-based nanomaterials to address challenges related to soil contamination, nutrient management, and carbon sequestration. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based soil management, focusing on the role of nanomaterials such as nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), biochar, graphene oxide, nano clays, and metal oxide nanoparticles. Soil remediation using nanomaterials demonstrates high efficiency in removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pathogens through adsorption, catalytic degradation, and redox reactions, achieving contaminant removal rates exceeding 90%. Nano fertilizers enhance nutrient use efficiency by 30-40%, promoting crop productivity and minimizing nutrient losses. Carbon sequestration efforts using biochar and graphene oxide have been shown to increase soil organic carbon storage by 15-40% through improved soil aggregation and organic matter stabilization. Despite promising results, challenges related to potential toxicity, long-term stability, scalability, and inconsistent regulatory frameworks persist. Addressing these concerns requires the development of eco-friendly nanomaterials, standardized testing protocols, and comprehensive risk assessments. Integrating nanotechnology with precision agriculture, digital farming, and biotechnology offers opportunities for synergistic effects that enhance soil health and agricultural sustainability. Collaborative efforts involving researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders are essential for advancing nanotechnology-based solutions to address global challenges related to soil degradation, food security, and climate change mitigation. Continued research and international cooperation will be important in optimizing the safe and effective use of nanotechnology in soil science.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, soil remediation, nano fertilizers, carbon sequestration, biochar, graphene oxide, environmental sustainability